Functions III

Higher Order Functions and Map

In this tutorial, you'll learn about higher order functions in Python, including how to use them with lambda functions and the built-in map function. Discover how these concepts can simplify your code and make it more efficient.

Let's talk about higher order functions.

A higher order function is a function that either takes one or more functions as arguments, or returns a function as its result.

Here's a simple example:

def apply_function(func, value):
    return func(value)

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The function apply_function takes another function func and a value as arguments.

It then applies the function to the value and returns the result.

Let's see how this works in practice:

def apply_function(func, value):
    return func(value)
 
def square(x):
    return x * x
 
print(apply_function(square, 5))

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Output

When we call apply_function(square, 5), we are passing the square function as an argument to apply_function along with the value 5. The apply_function then executes square(5), which calculates 5 * 5 and returns 25.

While this approach works, it may not immediately seem useful. After all, we could achieve the same result by calling square(5) directly.

Let's adjust our higher order function a bit:

def apply_function(func, values):
    results = []
    for value in values:
        results.append(func(value))
    return results

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Now, instead of applying a given function to a single value, apply_function applies the function to each item in a list.

Let's see how this works in practice:

def apply_function(func, values):
    results = []
    for value in values:
        results.append(func(value))
    return results
 
def square(x):
    return x * x
 
print(apply_function(square, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))

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Output

Now the apply_function applies square to each item in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

Now, this is more useful. However, it might feel a bit complex—so let’s simplify it.

Instead of defining a separate square function, we can use a lambda function directly within the apply_function call:

def apply_function(func, values):
    results = []
    for value in values:
        results.append(func(value))
    return results
 
print(apply_function(lambda x: x * x, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))

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Output

What will be the output?

def apply_function(func, values):
    results = []
    for value in values:
        results.append(func(value))
    return results
 
print(apply_function(lambda x: x + 1, [1, 2, 3]))

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We can use the apply_function function to apply different functions to all items of a list.

This is a common use case in programming, which is why Python has a built-in function for this purpose: map.

The map function allows you to apply a function to every item in an iterable (like a list).

map(function, iterable)

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Here's how our square example looks when using map:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
map(lambda x: x * x, numbers)

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One thing to note is that the map function doesn't directly return the list of results. Instead it returns a map object.

A map object is an iterator, a concept we'll cover later.

However, you can easily transform the map object into a list using the list method.

Let's apply this to our example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
map_object = map(lambda x: x * x, numbers)
# transform map object to list
print(list(map_object))

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Output

Or in one line of code:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(list(map(lambda x: x * x, numbers)))

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Output

See how we drastically simplified our code using the map function together with a lambda function? We achieved the same result using a single line of code.

What will be the output?

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
result = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, numbers))
print(result)

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What will be the output?

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
result = list(map(lambda x: x + 1, numbers))
print(result)

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